Environ Exp Biol (2025) 23: 53–61

Perfluorooctanoic acid-induced alterations in ultrastructure of cauda epididymal sperm and fertility consequences in Wistar albino rats

Abstract

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) adversely affects the male reproductive system. Previous studies have noted oxidative stress in sperm and toxicity in testicular cells of PFOA-exposed animals. This study attempted to ascertain effects of PFOA on gonadal hormone and resulting changes in cauda epididymal sperm. Wistar albino male rats were exposed to 2, 5 and 10 mg PFOA kg^–1 body weight for 45 days, along with a parallel control. Sperm characteristics, fertility rate, hormonal levels, ultrastructure of sperm and TUNEL assay were performed to evaluate impact of PFOA. The results showed significant reduction sperm count (> 50%), motility (> 60%), and viability (> 20%) in rats exposed to 10 mg kg^–1 body weight per day of PFOA. Abnormality in cauda epididymal sperms also increased two-fold compared to the control. A 20% decline in fertility rate was noted in rats treated with 10 mg kg^–1 body weight per day of PFOA. Direct impact of exposure was evident in both testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels. Ultrastructure of cauda epididymal sperm revealed typical oxidative stress-related damages in the tail and apical head region. Significant increase in the number of apoptotic germ cells was observed, indicating the role of PFOA in regulation of spermatogenesis in testis. Conclusively, it was evident that daily administration of PFOA can adversely affect spermatogenesis and sperm characteristics by regulating testosterone and gonadotropins.